Aircraft Winglets Essays

Aircraft Winglets Essays Aircraft Winglets Paper Aircraft Winglets Paper Aircraft  Winglets Many of us who fly regularly have most probably seen a so-called winglet or wingtip device at the end of the wing of an airliner at least once. It is showing up more and more often on more and more types of aircraft, thus we felt it’s time to give an overview to our readers about these sometimes funny, sometimes cool and stylish looking aircraft parts. History, Reason and Benefits The initial theoretical concept goes back to times before even the Wright Brothers first took to the skies in 1905, but it was picked up and developed by Richard T. Whitcomb of NASA after the 1973 oil crisis – in order to reduce fuel consumption. The first tests were carried out in 1979/80 in cooperation with the U. S. Air Force. At almost the same time, but independent of any U. S. military organization, a private jet producer, LearJet exhibited a prototype in 1977: the LearJet 28 that featured the first winglets on a jet and a production aircraft. Flight tests made with and without winglets showed that the winglets increased range by about 6. 5 percent and also improved directional stability for the LearJet- these two factors are the major reasons behind using this facility at any fixed wing aircraft ever since. A winglet is a (near) vertical extension of the wing tips. The upward angle of the winglet, its inward angle as well as its size and shape are critical for correct performance – this is why they can look quite different. Air rotating around the wing strikes the surface of the winglet that directs it in another direction – thus creating an extra force, basically converting otherwise wasted energy to thrust. This is a small contribution but can save a lot for an operator in an aircraft’s lifetime. Another potential benefit of winglets is that they reduce the strength of wingtip vortices, which trail behind the plane. When other aircraft pass through these vortices, the turbulent air can cause loss of control, possibly resulting in an accident. Winglet Types In general any wingtips that not end the wing simply horizontally are considered as some kind of a winglet. Even though in strictly technical terms Wingtip Fences are not real extensions of the wing, and Raked Wingtips do not have a vertical part, they are still widely considered as winglet variants. WINGTIP FENCES are a special variant of winglets, that extend both upward and downward from the tip of the wing. Preferred by European plane-maker Airbus, it is featured on their full product range (except the A330/340 family and the future A350). The Airbus A300 was actually the first jet airliner to feature this kind of solution by default, but it was a very small version of the tool. Provided that most of the Airbus planes (including all A320 family jets) feature such wingtip fences, this may be the most seen and most produced winglet type. Even the new Airbus A380 double-decker features wingtip fences. Airbus Winglets as seen from the outside Airbus Winglets as seen from onboard BLENDED WINGLETS (the real â€Å"Winglets†) are the most popular winglet type, leveraged by Airbus, Boeing, Embraer, Bombardier but also by Russian Tupolev and Iljushin. Blended winglets were first introduced on the McDonnel Douglas MD-11 aircraft in 1990 with launch customer Finnair (it also features a smaller winglet at the bottom side of the wing). In contrast to Airbus who applies the wingtip fences by default on most of their aircraft (and the winglets on the A330/340 family), lended winglets are considered by Boeing for example as an optional extra feature on their products, except for the Boeing 747-400. For some of the older Boeing jets (737 and 757) such blended winglets have been offered as an aftermarket retrofit, these are the newer, tall designs and do not connect to the tip of the wing with a sharp angle, but with a curve instead. These winglets are popular among airlines that fly these aircraft on medium/long haul routes as m ost of the real fuel savings materialize while cruising. Longer flights  mean longer cruising, thus larger fuel savings. And they also server as marketing surface for airline logos or web addresses usually. Just recently the Boeing 767-300ER has received 3. 4 m high (! ) winglets produced by Aviation Partners Inc. with American Airlines as the launch-customer with Air New Zealand and Hawaiian Airlines following with orders of 5  and 8 aircrafts respectively. 141 shipsets have been pre-sold  already as the forecasted fuel savings  range  around  4%-6% for medium/long-range flights. Airbus earlier tested similar blended winglets designed by Winglet Technology for the A320 series, but determined that their benefits did not warrant further development and they stayed with the wingtip fences instead. Aviation Partners Boeing  claims that winglets on 737s and 757s have saved a collective 1. 2 billion gal. of fuel since they were introduced and 11. 5 million tonnes of CO2 while reducing those types’ noise footprint by 6. 5%. It has sold winglets to 140 airlines and 95% of all 737NGs are fitted with them. It is working on four winglet concepts for the 777 and hopes to finalize a design for that aircraft type by December, 2008. Blended Winglets on Several Aircraft Types RAKED WINGTIPS are the most recent winglet variants (they are probably better classified as special wings, though),  where the tip of the wing has a higher degree of sweep than the rest of the wing. They are widely referred to as winglets, but they are better described as integrated wingtip extensions as they are (horizontal) additions to the existing wing, rather than the previously described (near) vertical solutions. The stated purpose of this additional feature is to improve fuel economy, climb performance and to shorten takeoff field length. It does this in much the same way  as â€Å"traditional† winglets do. In testing by Boeing and NASA, raked wingtips have been shown to reduce drag by as much as 5. 5%, as opposed to improvements of 3. 5% to 4. 5% from conventional winglets. Airliners to use raked wingtips: Boeing 747-8, Boeing 767-400ER, Boeing 777(-200LR; -300ER; and freighter versions) plus the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner and the Airbus A350. The 747-8, the 787 and the A350 will have special, new kind of wings, which do not have a separate winglet, but have raked, and blended wingtips integrated   without a sharp angle between the wing and the winglet. Raked Wingtips on the new Boeing 787 and Airbus A350 As you can see, wingtips/winglets have developed and changed very much over the last 30 years, but are becoming the standard, which is not proven better by anything else than the wing designs of future aircraft by the largest airplane-makers that feature a built-in winglet at the tip of their new, evolutionary wings. Raked wingtip Boeing 787 Dreamliner rollout showing raked wingtip Raked wingtips are a feature on some Boeing airliners, where the tip of the wing has a higher degree of sweep than the rest of the wing. The stated purpose of this additional feature is to improve fuel efficiency and climb performance, and to shorten takeoff field length. It does this in much the same way that winglets do, by increasing the e ffective aspect ratio of the wing and interrupting harmful wingtip vortices. This decreases the amount of lift-induced drag experienced by the aircraft. In testing by Boeing and NASA, raked wingtips have been shown to reduce drag by as much as 5. 5%, as opposed to improvements of 3. 5% to 4. 5% from conventional winglets. [16] While an equivalent increase in wingspan would be more effective than a winglet of the same length, the bending force becomes a greater factor. A three-foot winglet has the same bending force as a one-foot increase in span, yet gives the same performance gain as a two-foot wing span increase. [27] For this reason, the short-range Boeing 787-3 design called for winglets instead of the raked wingtips featured on all other 787 variants. Raked wingtips are installed on, or are planned to be installed on: * Boeing P-8 Poseidon * Boeing 747-8 Freighter * Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental * Boeing 767-400ER * Boeing 777-200LR * Boeing 777-300ER * Boeing 777 Freighter * Boeing 787-8 Boeing 787-9 Anyway The performance of a commercial transport airplane is typically measured in terms of mission capability and operating costs. Mission capability can be improved by reducing airplane drag during takeoff climb and cruise, and by utilizing designs that minimize structural weight. Operating costs can be reduced by reducing airplane cruise drag (hence, resulting in less fuel burn and less fuel costs) and by utilizing designs that are inexpensive to manufacture and maintain. Further, for commercial operators, higher profits can be achieved by being able to transport more customers and/or goods for a given flight. Because the additional payload increases takeoff weight, it is even more desirable to reduce takeoff drag for takeoff-climb-limited missions. nothing new here right ? The objectives of reducing drag, reducing weight, and reducing complexity (hence manufacturing and maintenance costs) are often in conflict. Adding a wingtip extension member can reduce the drag of a given airplane, but this will usually require increasing structural weight IE winglets bend the hell out of wing roots because of the increased moment arm therefore you need to beef up the wing judiciously on shitty wing designs the weight increase can washout the efficiency increase by additing a winglet in the first place.. Sooooooo Weight increases are due to the weight of the wingtip extension member and also due to strengthening required of the existing wing structure in order to support the increased bending moments exerted by the wingtip extension member. Additional weight penalties can also occur if the extension exacerbates flutter. IE if you fiddle with ANY WING design after flight test you change its natural resonance IE it becomes a new tuning fork heaven forbid it will like to resonate at cruise mach IE flutter.. 747 has a speed advantage over the A340 because of flutter the old crusty 747 hauls ass the A340 could haul ass if it didnt like to shake itself apart at VMO.. ( my personal opinion based on 2nd hand info .. This conflict between the benefits of reduced drag and the disadvantages of increased weight has motivated designers to find an optimal balance between the two when designing a wingtip extension member. One such attempt is described in U. S. Pat. No. 5,039,032, incorporated herein by reference. The 032 patent describes a number of wingspan extensions termed High Taper Wing Tip Extensions. These are also known as raked wingtips. Raked wingtips are generally characterized by leading-edge sweep angles that are g reater than the main wing sweep angles and are significantly tapered (i. . , the chord length decreases in the spanwise direction. ) Raked wingtips offer several advantages, some of which are outlined in the 032 patent. These advantages include the aerodynamic benefit of drag reduction due to increased wingspan, and a number of weight-reduction advantages (relative to simply extending the wingspan of an existing conventional main wing. ) Two weight advantages are attributed to the wingtip taper. At high-load-factor structural design conditions, the smaller chords are subjected to less load and they result in less induced loading on the outboard main wing. These are both factors that reduce the bending moment that the inboard wing must support. Two more weight advantages are attributed to leading-edge sweep. The leading-edge sweep of a raked wingtip results in the center of pressure being located further aft than for a simple extension of an existing conventional main wing. At the high load-factor structural design conditions, this relative aft-movement of the center of pressure causes the sections of the main wing adjacent to the raked wingtip to be twisted more leading-edge-down, thus reducing the loading on these sections and the bending moment that the inboard wing must support. The relative aft-movement of the center of pressure also acts to attenuate flutter. The raked wingtips described in patent 032 range from moderate span extensions (e. g. , 6% increase in span) to large span extensions (e. g. , 12% increase in span). It is the large span extensions that offer the greatest benefits. Regardless of these benefits, there are challenges in implementing raked wingtips on some aircraft. For example, on aircraft designed to operate at high subsonic Mach numbers (i. e. , at or greater than about 0. 0) there is a tendency for the boundary layer on the upper surface of each raked wingtip to separate under high-lift conditions (such as during takeoff climb or landing). This boundary-layer separation has the potential to increase drag and to generate premature buffet. The primary motivation for adding a wingspan extension is to increase the lift-to-drag ratio (primarily by decreasing drag), both during cruise and takeoff climb. If there is a significant drag incre ase due to large-scale boundary-layer separation under takeoff climb conditions, part or all of the takeoff-climb improvement is lost. When the raked wingtip boundary layer separates, there is also a possibility of unsteady aerodynamic forces strong enough to vibrate the airplane structure and to be perceived by the airplane pilot as buffet indicating the onset of aerodynamic wing stall. If this form of buffet occurs prematurely (that is, within what would normally be the operating envelope), stall speed must be declared at a speed significantly higher than the aerodynamic wing stall, thus degrading airplane performance. The 032 patent acknowledges the tendency of the boundary layers on raked wingtips to separate under high-lift conditions. In the 032 patent, raked wingtips are categorized into two groups, one group with leading-edge sweep angles between 40 and 50 degrees and another with leading-edge sweep angles between 50 and 60 degrees. For the first group, the 032 patent indicates that some form of a mechanical leading-edge high-lift device (such as a slat) is required in order to avoid premature low-speed buffet. The addition of a mechanical leading-edge high-lift device avoids premature boundary-layer separation, alleviating the buffet problem, but it adds profile drag, weight, complexity, and cost. Under some circumstances, these disadvantages may outweigh the benefits of the raked wingtip. For the second group, the 032 patent indicates that the wingtip leading-edge sweep is great enough to trigger the formation of a stable leading-edge vortex, and that therefore premature buffet will not occur and no high-lift mechanisms are required. The inventors herein have discovered that under some circumstances, leading-edge sweep angles of 50 to 60 degrees may not be adequate to ensure the formation of a stable leading-edge vortex when conventional transonic airfoils are used for the raked wingtip geometry. As used herein, transonic airfoils are those designed to operate at high subsonic freestream Mach numbers, with significant regions of locally supersonic flow. Additionally, even if the presence of a stable leading-edge vortex prevents premature buffet, such a vortex may result in higher drag than if the majority of the raked wingtip boundary layer could be kept attached over the range of typical operating conditions. Further, the technical viability of any raked wingtip would be improved greatly if there was no requirement for a leading-edge high-lift mechanism. Thus, the evolution of the improved raked wingtip, particularly for use with aircraft that operate at high subsonic Mach numbers. The ideal raked wingtip would provide the aerodynamic benefits of an increase in wing span, while avoiding premature boundary-layer separation under high-lift conditions. Further, the optimal arrangement would not add significantly to wing weight or wing complexity. Both the raked wingtip ; the blunt raked wingtip are Boeing inventions. Airbus A330/A340 uses the 747-400 winglet. The A320 family of airplanes uses the AIRBUS ( opps BAE UK developed ) delta winglet that has an opposite plan-form camber on the upper ; lower half of the winglet to gracefully control the direction of the vortices comming off the top ; bottom of the wings to kinda mesh them together non distructively a clever design by a company with a fine British aircraft heritage .. god save the queen .. All that being said winglets on business jets regardless of eficiency increases are for sex- appeal ..

Free Essays on Creating A Class

Creating a Class The short stories â€Å" Everyday Use† by Alice Walker and â€Å" The Prodigal Son† have many similarities that put them in the same class. There are three similarities that stick out the most though in my mind. The main similarity is that they both deal with jealousy. Another similarity is that they are focused on family relationships, and finally they both involve only one parent two take care of more than one child. Jealousy is a key factor in both of these short stories. In the short story â€Å"Everyday Use† the younger daughter is jealous of her older sibling because of a few reasons; the older daughter is prettier, smarter, and has lived her life more fully. However, I feel that you can also see the older daughter as being jealous of how much closer the younger daughter is with the mother and how she is more aware of the family and the families past. In â€Å"The Prodigal Son† the older son is jealous of his younger brother because he feels that the younger brother should not have received half of the father’s assets and that the father should not have taken him back and showered him with gifts when he returns. The family and their relationships with each other also play big parts in both these stories. The relationship between the mother and the daughters in â€Å"everyday use† is a loving one just as in â€Å"the prodigal son† however in both cases siblings became jealous and this affects the relationship with the adult. The siblings in both stories feel neglected and unloved. Another issue in these stories is that there is only one adult in the house to look over the children. I feel that because there was only one parent around the burden on each parent was too much. I think that the parents felt too much pressure and did not have enough support to take care of the family they just did what they could. A similarity that wasn’t as important in these stories was that the children are alwa... Free Essays on Creating A Class Free Essays on Creating A Class Creating a Class The short stories â€Å" Everyday Use† by Alice Walker and â€Å" The Prodigal Son† have many similarities that put them in the same class. There are three similarities that stick out the most though in my mind. The main similarity is that they both deal with jealousy. Another similarity is that they are focused on family relationships, and finally they both involve only one parent two take care of more than one child. Jealousy is a key factor in both of these short stories. In the short story â€Å"Everyday Use† the younger daughter is jealous of her older sibling because of a few reasons; the older daughter is prettier, smarter, and has lived her life more fully. However, I feel that you can also see the older daughter as being jealous of how much closer the younger daughter is with the mother and how she is more aware of the family and the families past. In â€Å"The Prodigal Son† the older son is jealous of his younger brother because he feels that the younger brother should not have received half of the father’s assets and that the father should not have taken him back and showered him with gifts when he returns. The family and their relationships with each other also play big parts in both these stories. The relationship between the mother and the daughters in â€Å"everyday use† is a loving one just as in â€Å"the prodigal son† however in both cases siblings became jealous and this affects the relationship with the adult. The siblings in both stories feel neglected and unloved. Another issue in these stories is that there is only one adult in the house to look over the children. I feel that because there was only one parent around the burden on each parent was too much. I think that the parents felt too much pressure and did not have enough support to take care of the family they just did what they could. A similarity that wasn’t as important in these stories was that the children are alwa...

Computing Footprints Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Computing Footprints - Essay Example One of the articles had the main punch line that three sectors of economy viz., housing, transport, and food together account for 50% of household spending on the average, and at the same time account for 70-75% of climate change and often other impacts. The rest of the paper is more on the methodology side, essentially supporting this finding. This finding is valid for different countries, different cities, and even different continents. Further, it is also valid across different methodologies and in particular across the two methodologies of LCA, viz., input and output base study, which is also called the ‘top-down’ approach and process life cycle inventory database study, termed the ‘bottom-up’ approach. While both methodologies are for life cycle assessment, the top-down study is more popular. Emphasizing the differences between top down and bottom up studies, Prof. Norris explained that the top-down approach uses input and output data based on consumption. Within the input and output data base study, we compare purchasing categories. The top-down study is based on uniform data source, uniform coverage, and approach, while the bottom-up study has to combine data from different studies and methodologies.     

Follow Your Passion by Johnnetta B.Cole Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Follow Your Passion by Johnnetta B.Cole - Essay Example This means that an individual should follow a career that he or she is interested in and not forced by anyone to pursue. Following one’s passion is bound to ensure that an individual finds satisfaction from practicing that career. Many people who do not follow their passion are characteristically unhappy. This is why the story was given this title as a form of emphasis on the importance of following one’s career (Pitzpatrick 389). The author wanted to become a pediatrician when she was young and stuck to that dream until she joined Fisky University. However, one year later, she transferred to Oberlin College, where her career would change completely. She found herself in an anthropology class whereby the professor was discussing how to analyze cultures. The author was immediately intrigued by anthropology and changed her mind about being a pediatrician. From her first experience in an anthropology class, she decided that anthropology was truly her passion. She later would return home to explain to her family on her change of career making them aware that she wanted to pursue anthropology (390). Although there were three types of psychology, she was interested in cultural anthropology. Her family members were astonished by the change of mind, especially because they knew nothing about anthropology and were concerned that it did not pay enough to sustain the author in the future. Her mother gave her the most outstanding advice by highlighting that she should follow her passion. Her mother indicated that pursuing a career that one was not interested in would bring disappointment each say as one had the obligation to wake up to the daily challenges in that career (391. It was different for a person who pursued her passion because the interests in that career would keep one motivated irrespective of the challenges. This was the case with the author who was able to pursue anthropology to the PhD level.

The Rise of Industrial America 1877-1900 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Rise of Industrial America 1877-1900 - Essay Example This was aimed at include the ex-slaves into the nation with all rights and civil liberties of citizens. Precisely, the Republican aim was to end slavery in America and assimilate the blacks into the government, the main issue of contention between the North who pushed for anti slavery and South pushing for its expansion. Southerners believed that restrictions on slavery would infringe the doctrines of states’ privileges, while the North and leaders of the Republican Party treated slavery as a formidable state iniquity. The Southern defenders argued that blacks benefited from slavery leading to further disagreements with the North .2 Consequently, through the election of Abraham Lincoln as President in 1860 and assurance by South Carolina of â€Å"Declaration of the causes of Secession† advanced the tension as the Southern thought he would be anti-slavery and would support Northern welfare. The West Louisiana Purchase expanded the size of United States and opened the We st to America settlement. The United States obtained the Arkansas River valley by expanding east from the Rocky Mountains to Mississippi River according to Louisiana Purchase signed between American and Indian representatives. Immigration Additionally, during these years, about 7, 348, 000 people migrated into the United States. This raised the number of citizens from 49 million in 1800 to 76 million in 1900. The refugees settled all over the country in big numbers except in the South. The migrant fake networks that created how and where they traveled and the type of communities they formed. The reason for the massive migration to the United States was for economic advancement. Land was cheap and wages were equally high as compared to their homelands. Agricultural, Commercial, and Industrial Development The increase of agricultural lands led to what apparently seems an irony. This is because despite the more farmers in the U.S and the more dynamic they became the smaller was agricul ture’s share of the economy.3 On the other hand, the increase of industrial America, the ascendancy of wage labor, and the growth of cities represented the greatest changes of the period. Of civil war, few Americans had expected fast growth of American industry. Over the past, wage earners in American history had come to be more than the self-employed, and by the 1880s these wage recipients started working in bigger corporations in America. On the other hand, trained workers proved extremely flourishing at maintaining their position through the 1880s, but they had to struggle to do so. The comparatively high wages for trained workers made the proprietors to look for ways to substitute trained with untrained or semi-skilled workers, but mechanization offered the most effective approach for deskilling work and reducing wages.4 Railroads Moreover, the strikes in America were because of railroads. This is because the whole nation appeared to concentrate on the railroads. Furtherm ore, towards the end of 1870 the railroads restored their expansion. Though there was a break in

Input And Output Devices Computer Science Essay

Input And Output Devices Computer Science Essay The computer will be of no use unless it is able to communicate with the outside world. Input and Output devices are required for users to communicate with the computer. In simple terms, input devices bring information into the computer and output devices bring information out of a computer system. These input/output devices are also known as peripherals since they enclose the CPU and memory of a computer system. A hardware device that accepts inputted information and also has the capability of outputting that information. Good examples of an input and output devices are a floppy diskette drive and a hard disk drive. An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) to the outside world. In computing, input and output, refers to the communication between an information processing system (such as computer), and the outside world. Inputs are the signals or data sent to the system, and output are the signals or data sent by the system to the outside. The most common input devices used by the computer are the keyboard and mouse. The keyboard allows the entry of textual information while the mouse allows the selection of a point on the screen by moving a screen cursor to the point and pressing a mouse button. The most common outputs are monitors and speakers. Output devices Examples of output devices Any peripheral that receives and/or displays output from a computer. To the right is a picture of an inkjet printer and a good example of an output device. Below is a listing of all the different types of computer output devices found on a computer. Sound card Video card Projector Monitor Speakers Printer Features and Functions Sound Card D:MMU fileSEM 3Computer Applicationsound card.jpg A sound card (also known as an audio card) is a computer expansion card that facilitate the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs. Typical uses of sound cards comprise providing the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation, education, and entertainment (games). Many computers have sound capabilities built in, while others necessitate extra expansion cards to provide for audio capability. Video CardD:MMU fileSEM 3Computer ApplicationVideo_Card.jpg A video card, video adapter, graphics-accelerator card, display adapter or graphics card is an extension card whose function is to generate and output images to a display. Many video cards offer added functions, such as accelerated rendering of 3D scenes and 2D graphics, video capture, TV-tuner adapter, MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding, FireWire, light pen, TV output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors (multi-monitor). Other modern high performance video cards are used for more graphically demanding purposes, such as PC games. images7 Projector A video projector takes a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a projection screen using a lens system. All video projectors use a very bright light to project the image, and most modern ones can correct any curves, blurriness, and other inconsistencies through manual settings. Video projectors are widely used for meeting room presentations, classroom training, home theatre and live events applications. Projectors are widely used in many schools and other educational settings, connected to an interactive white board to interactively teach pupils. Monitor images5 A monitor or display (sometimes called a visual display unit) is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry, and an enclosure. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD), at the same time as older monitors use a cathode ray tube (CRT). Speakersimages8 Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are speakers external to a computer that disable the lower fidelity built-in speaker. They often have a low-power internal amplifier. The standard audio connection is a 3.5mm (1/8 inch) stereo jack plugs frequently colour-coded lime green (following the PC 99 standard) for computer sound cards. A plug and socket for a two-wire (signal and ground) coaxial cable that is generally used to connect analogy audio and video components. Also called a phono connector, rows of RCA sockets are found on the backs of stereo amplifier and numerous A/V products. The prong is 1/8 thick by 5/16 long. A few use an RCA connector for input. There are also USB speakers which are powered from the 5 volts at 200 milliamps provided by the USB port, allowing about half a watt of output power. Printerimages6 In computing, a printer is a peripheral which produces a hard copy (permanent readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies. Many printers are first and foremost used as local peripherals, and are attached by a printer cable or, in most new printers, a USB cable to a computer which serves as a document source. Some printers, commonly known as network printers, have built-in network interfaces (typically wireless and/or Ethernet), and can serve as a hardcopy device for any user on the network. Person printers are frequently designed to support both local and network connected users at the same time. In addition, a small number of modern printers can directly interface to electronic media such as memory sticks or memory cards, or to image capture devices such as digital cameras, scanners; some printers are combined with a scanners and/or fax machines in a single unit, and can function as photocopie rs. Printers that include non-printing features are sometimes called Multifunction printers (MFP), Multi-Function Devices (MFD), or All-In-One (AIO) printers. Most MFPs include printing, scanning, and copying in the middle of their features. Advantages and Disadvantages of Output Devices No Output devices Advantages Disadvantages 1 Monitor Comparatively cheap and reliable, can display text and graphics in a wide range of colures. They are also quiet and do not squander paper. No enduring copy to keep and unsuitable for users with visual problems. 2 Printer The purchase cost is low and the running costs are very low. They can print fairly quickly, particularly if you remember that multiple copies are being printed in one print run. They are robust and can operate in harsh environments. If several sheets of self-carbonating paper are placed into the printer then the impact will produce duplicate copies. The printing quality is low these printers produce low to medium quality black and white printing and can only print low resolution graphics. Because of the impact of the pins against the paper, these printers can be quite noisy. 3 Projector Enables a lot of people to be able to see something even from a distance Image quality may not be as good when projected. 4 Speakers Cheap and generally available.   Capable of producing very high quality sound. They are an analogue device so the digital sound signal has to be converted, usually by a sound card. Input Devices A hardware device that sends information to the computer. Without any input devices a computer would simply be a display device and not allow users to interact with it, much like a TV. To the right are a Logitech trackball mouse and an example of an input device. Below is a listing of all the different types of computer input devices found on a computer. Example of Input Devices Keyboard Gamepad Digital camera Mouse (pointing device) Microphone Webcam Joystick Scanner MIDI Keyboard Features and Functions for input devices Keyboard20071004_razer_lycosa In computing, a keyboard is an input device, partially modelled after the typewriter keyboard, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys at the same time or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or real-time key presses can produce actions or computer commands. Gamepad D:MMU fileSEM 3Computer Application350__1_full_game_pad_001.jpg.png A gamepad (also called Joypad or control pad), is a type of game controller held in the hand, where the digits (especially thumbs) are used to offer input. Gamepads generally feature a set of action buttons handled with the right thumb and a direction controller handled with the left. The direction controller has traditionally been a four-way digital cross (also named a Joypad, or alternatively a D-pad), but most modern controllers as well (or as a substitute) feature an analog stick. Digital Camera images Most digital cameras function in much the same way as a traditional camera that uses film to record images, except that in place of the film, images are captured and preserved in the cameraà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s digital memory, which may be built-in or which may be on a detachable memory card. Mouserazer_naga_1 In computing, a mouse (plural mice, mousses, or mouse devices.) is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse consists of an object held under one of the users hands, with one or more buttons. It sometimes features other elements, such as wheels, which allow the user to perform a variety of system-dependent operations, or extra buttons or features can additional control or dimensional input. The mouses motion typically translates into the motion of a cursor on a display, which allows for fine control of a Graphical User Interface. Microphone images1 A microphone (colloquially called a mic or mike) is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal .Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, tape recorders, karaoke systems, hearing aids, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, FRS radios, megaphones, in radio and television broadcasting and in computers for recording voice, speech recognition, VoIP, and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic checking or knock sensors. Web Camimages4 A webcam is a video capture device connected to a computer or computer network, frequently using a USB port or, if connected to a network, Ethernet or Wi-Fi. The mainly popular use is for video telephony, permitting a computer to act as a videophone or video conferencing station. This can be used in messenger programs such as Windows Live Messenger, Skype and Yahoo messenger services. Other popular uses, which include the recording of video files or even still-images, are accessible via numerous software programs, applications and devices. Webcams are known for low manufacturing costs and flexibility, making them the lowest cost form of video telephony. The term webcam may also be used in its original sense of a video camera connected to the Web ceaselessly for an indefinite time, rather than for a particular session, generally supplying a view for anyone who visits its web page over the Internet. Some of these, for example those used as online traffic cameras, are expensive, rugged professional video cameras. Joystickimages A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles is the analogy stick. The joystick has been the principal flight control in the cockpit of many aircraft, chiefly military fast jets, where centre stick or side-stick location may be employed. Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, submerged unmanned vehicles, wheelchairs, surveillance cameras and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Miniature finger-operated joysticks have been adopted as input devices for smaller electronic equipment such as mobile phones. Scannerimages3 In computing, a scanner is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital image. Common examples found in offices are variations of the desktop (or flatbed) scanner where the document is placed on a glass window for scanning. Hand-held scanners, where the device is moved by hand, have evolved from text scanning wands to 3D scanners used for industrial design, overturn engineering, test and measurement, orthotics, gaming and other applications. Mechanically driven scanners that move the document are typically used for large-format documents, where a flatbed design would be impractical. MIDI Keyboardimages2 A MIDI keyboard is a piano-style digital keyboard device used for sending MIDI signals or commands to other devices connected to the same interface as the keyboard. MIDI is an acronym for Musical Instrument Digital Interface (protocol). The basic MIDI keyboard does not produce sound. In its place, MIDI information is sent to an electronic module capable of reproducing an array of digital sounds or samples that resemble traditional analog musical instruments. These samples are also referred to as voices. Advantages and Disadvantages of Input Devices No Input Devices Advantages Disadvantages 1 Digital Camera No film is needed and there are no film developing costs Unwanted images can be deleted straight away Images are already digital and can easily be transferred to a computer and edited or transferred over the Internet Special image editing software can allow a huge range of adjustments and special effects to be tried Images often have to be compressed to shun using up too much expensive memory. 2 Joystick Easy to learn to use.   Very simple design so they can be reasonably priced. Control can be a bit crude as the directions in simple joysticks are limited to forward, backwards, left and right.   Better models offer diagonal movement or better. 3 Keyboard dependable for data input of text and numbers. Usually supplied with a computer so no additional cost. Specialized keyboards are available. Users may be slow for not very accurate typists. Slow for accessing menus etc. and difficult to use if you want to move objects around the screen. Difficult for people unable to use keyboards through paralysis or muscular disorder. 4 Microphone Voice recognition software can be used to convert your voice into text or to control menu options on a phone system. Stored audio files can take up a lot of memory. Voice commands can be difficult to recognise by the software. 5 MIDI keyboard Data from a musical instrument is easily captured and edited with a computer. MIDI files are small. MIDI files can be recorded on one type of instrument and played back on another. Audio cannot be recorded directly as an audio file such as MP3. The playback depends on the instrument/computer sound card so may not sound the same as the original. Only the note and the timing are stored. 6 Mouse Ideal for use with desktop computers. more often than not supplied with a computer so no additional cost. All computer users tend to be familiar with using them. They need a flat space close to the computer. The mouse cannot easily be used with laptop, notebook or palmtop computers. (These need a tracker ball or a touch sensitive pad called a touch pad). 7 Scanner Flat-bed scanners are very accurate and can produce images with a far higher resolution than a digital camera. Can produce very large image files which need a lot of computer memory to view and edit. Types of Pointing Devices pointing stick.jpg The is a small number of examples of pointing devices are pointing stick, touch screen, touch pad, joystick. A pointing stick is a pressure sensitive small nub used like a joystick. Its more frequently than not found on laptops embedded between the G, H, and B keys. It operates by sensing the force applied by the user. The corresponding mouse buttons are commonly placed just below the spacebar. It is also found on mice and some desktop keyboards. Touch Screen images13 A touch screen is a device embedded into the screen of the TV Monitor, or System LCD monitor screens of laptop computers. Users interrelate with the device by physically pressing items shown on the screen, either with their fingers or some helping tool. Touch screens could be used in couple with stylus pointing devices, while those powered by infrared do not require physical touch, but just differentiate the movement of hand and fingers in some minimum range distance from real screen. Touchpadimages9 A touchpad or track pad is a flat surface that can detect finger contact. Its a motionless pointing device, commonly used on laptop computers. At least one physical button normally comes with the touchpad, but the user can also generate a mouse click by tapping on the pad. Advanced features include pressure sensitivity and special gestures such as scrolling by moving ones finger along an edge. Joysticksjoystick.jpg Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles is the analog stick. Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, and underwater unmanned vehicles. Types of Keyboard What is Keyboard? Keyboard is a set of typewriter that enable to you to enter data into the computer. The key on the computer keyboard got alphanumeric keys, punctuation keys, and special keys. There are several types of keyboard. For examples, notebook keyboard, PDA stylus, Tablet PCs, Wireless keyboard, and Ergonomic keyboard. For notebook keyboard will with the screen and the CPU. Keyboards on laptops and notebook computers more often than not have a shorter travel distance for the keystroke and a reduced set of keys. They may not have a numerical keypad, and the function keys may be placed in locations that different from their placement on a standard, full-sized keyboard. The layout is based on the 104-key Windows design, except the keys are crammed into the available space. There is no numeric keypad, but you can see the labels on keys in the middle of the keyboard where it is superimposed (the letter J has the numeral 1 on it, K is 2, and so on). The Fn key in the lower left i s used to activate particular options when used in combination with the function keys at the top of the keyboard. z_011204note.jpg PDA Stylus images11 PDA stylus is a touch type keyboard. That a keyboard is needed for extensive typing, a person can use a fold up keyboard. The fold-up keyboards have all of the room of usual keyboards, yet still compact. Tablet PCs Keyboard Tablet PCs keyboard is the the majority common peoples in the world using. It use to type any data into the computer. It have a place for number keys, alphanumeric keys, punctuation keys, and special keys. Wireless Keyboard imagesCAH7GN2X.jpg Wireless Keyboard is the newest keyboard that came out this few years. The keyboard can use without wire, but the others function are same with the normal keyboard that we use. Ergonomic Keyboard images112 Ergonomic keyboard is computer keyboard designed with ergonomic considerations to minimize muscle strain and a host of related problems. An ergonomic keyboard may decrease muscle strain and reduce risk of Carpal Tunnel syndrome, but there is no clear evidence of benefit. After a user takes the time to adjust to this style of keyboard, these keyboards can make typing easier, faster and less awkward. The keys separated into two or three groups, allowing the user to type at a different angle than the typical straight keyboard. Types of Printer Printer is classified into 3 types. There are impact printer, nonimpact printer and specialty printer. The example of impact printer is Dot-matrix. Dot matrix printers are still commonly used in low-cost, low-quality applications like cash registers, or in demanding, very high volume applications like invoice printing. dot matrix printer.jpg The nonimpact printers have Inkjet and Laser. For the Inkjet, operate by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or molten material (ink) onto almost any sized page. They are the most ordinary type of computer printer for the universal consumer. The laser is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. But the price will more expensive than others. laser.jpgliquid inkjet.jpg Inkjet Printer Laser Printer Specialty Printersmultifunction.jpg The specialty printers have multifunction, plotters and thermal printers. A multifunction printer is an office machine which incorporates the functionality of multiple devices in one, so as to have a smaller footprint in a home or small business setting or to provide centralized document management/ distribution/ production in a large-office setting. A typical multifunction printer may act as a combination of some or all of the printer, scanner, photocopier, fax and email. Plotterplotter.jpg Plotter is a computer printing device for printing vector graphics. In the past, plotters were generally used in applications such as computer-aided design, though they have generally been replaced with wide-format conventional printers. It uses a pen that moves over a large revolving sheet of paper. Thermal Printerthermal.jpg A thermal printer produces a printed image by selectively heating coated thermo chromic paper, or thermal paper as it is generally known, when the paper passes over the thermal print head. The coating turns black in the areas where it is heated, producing an image. Two-color direct thermal printers are capable of printing both black and an supplementary color (often red), by applying heat at two different temperatures. Types of Monitor Monitor is an output device that resembles the television screen and uses a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) to display information. The monitor is associated with a keyboard for guide input of characters and displays the information as it is keyed in. It also displays the program or application output. Like the television, monitors are also available in different sizes. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) LCD was introduced in the 1970s and is now applied to display terminals also. Its advantages like low energy consumption, smaller and lighter have paved its way for usage in portable computers (laptops). Devices used to get sound, video, and images into the computer Video capture is one of the most important hardware to be used for multimedia work on a personal computer. Video-capture results will depend on the performance and capacity of all of the components of your system working together. Video capture from analog devices like video camera requires a special Video capture card that converts the analog signals into digital form and compresses the data. Video-capture card use various components of the computer to pass frames to the processor and hard disk. For high-quality video, a video-capture card must be able to capture full-screen video at a high rate. For example for a full-motion video, the card must be capable of capturing about 35 frames per second at 720 by 480 pixels for digital video and 640 by 480 for analog video. To determine what settings will produce the best results for your projects, you must be careful in defining these parameters. A sound card is a device that attaches to the motherboard to enable the computer to input, process, and deliver sound. The sound card generates sounds; records sound from analog devices by converting them to digital mode and reproduce sound for a speaker by reconverting them to analog mode. Creative Labs Sound Blaster is a standard sound card, to the extent that some people use the name as a generic term. A video adapter provides extended capability to a computer in terms of video. The better the video adapter, the better is the quality of the picture you see. A high quality video adapter is a must for you while designing your multimedia project. Conclusion Described is an input and output device for inputting or outputting data of an electronic equipment. The input and output device is designed for being detachably mounted to the electronic equipment in at least two different positions. The input and output device features a first contacting arrangement which, independent of the selected position in the mounted state of the input and output device on the electronic equipment, electrically comes in connection with a second contacting arrangement present on the electronic equipment. In one embodiment, orientation of the device may be varied, thereby enabling it to be coupled to a receiver by a bayonet connection and with a set of contacting arrangement engaging the second contacting arrangement in any orientation. Furthermore, described is an operating and display module, as well as to a combination of an electronic equipment and an input and output device that can be detachably mounted thereto.

An Inspiration :: Personal Narrative Writing

An Inspiration â€Å"Just try it. It couldn’t hurt to try,† my high-school advertising teacher constantly reminded me. Mrs. Panarelli wanted me to apply for a scholarship given by the business department in my school. I thought about all the other applicants; I had no chance whatsoever. I decided to express my feelings to her. In doing so I noticed a solemn look come across her face. I asked her what was wrong, and she said, â€Å"I don’t want you to be intimidated by the other students, their averages, or their SAT scores; this is a very good opportunity for you.† Finally, she convinced me to apply for it. I had to write a resumà ¨, an application letter, and schedule an interview. To my surprise, this was a big deal for the business department. When going on the interview, one had to dress as if applying for a job. The amount the scholarship awarded was not very much, just enough to recognize your accomplishments in this field. Like Nicholas Gage, the author of â€Å"The Teacher Who Changed My Life,† his Ms. Hurd was my Mrs. Panarelli, â€Å"the teacher who would become my mentor and my muse† (187). Both teachers find their students’ interests and shape them to achieve the highest standings in their chosen field. With motivation and compassion, both Nicholas and I worked endlessly to prove our potential to Ms. Hurd and Mrs. Panarelli. In a myriad of ways, the teaching methods of both my advertising teacher and Nicholas’ English teacher are similar. Before I set foot into Mrs. Panarelli’s illuminated classroom, I had never been interested in majoring or even succeeding in the field of business. Advertising II, in my school, was an elective which was well known as a â€Å"time sucker,† meaning it was an easy course that would only help your average and fill up your schedule. To be honest, like every other student in the class, I did not take it seriously. However, it became serious when I was made aware of the grades I was getting. Something didn’t seem right. I was not â€Å"slacking off.† I was doing my work well, perhaps not to my potential, but I wasn’t getting the grades I expected. Many times I would look around the room at others and what their work was like, and I couldn’t believe it.