Application Of The Traditional Enterprise Architecture Essay

The traditional enterprise architecture, is currently using MPLS as a sole mean for connectivity with small internet traffic. Due to recent shifts in the marketplace the traditional architecture is challenging to satisfy todays enterprise environments. The shift includes emerging technologies that require emerging cloud computing, video and technologies. Networking departments face a challenge with organization and resulting in performance issues, requiring extensive network re-design. Managed Software Defined SD WAN will sort out the disruption that organization experience with Application Aware Routing. Application Aware Routing (AAR) is a better way to cloud application. AAR is a network capability that can match requirements and meet network conditions. Network Hybrid functions could allow predictability, quality services and reduce cost. Running an application over a private network vs. the internet may be undistinguishable World Wide. Current Availability SD-WAN app is available to customers within the US with Cisco and Viptela platforms. Gathering our SA’s and Account Managers assessing the opportunities alongside with SD-WAN. Completing a competitive analysis will provide insight between Verizon’s capability to meet customers’ needs against our competitors. Sales, Management and Architects begin collaboration with engineers to understand the aspects of the development and implementation with large projects. 1.2. Anticipated Outcome Verizon has toShow MoreRelatedSoftware Methodologies And Frameworks Report1478 Words   |  6 Pagesthe same. Resources can be factors like time, people , hardware and software requirements. A software framework is system in which a basic version of a software is created which can be used later by incorporating additional code to make it an application specific software. 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This can be mitigated by making new applications to support the new requirements that come with running the business. The organizational functions can be integrated into the legacy systems as a service. With SOA, it allows one to modify the old infrastructure with a new layer of applications that will meet the current needs of the organization without getting rid of the old technology (Gonzà ¡les, Chen, DahanayakeRead MoreApplication Of Sdn And Its Architectural Principle1365 Words   |  6 Pagescommunication technologies domain, in particular mobile, social, cloud and big data are urging computer networks for high bandwidth, ubiquitous accessibility and dynamic management. However, traditional approaches based on manual configuration of patented devices are unmanageable and error prone. Also traditional approaches cannot fully utilize the capability of the physical network infrastructure and its resources. In response to the aforementioned requirements of computer networks, one solution wouldRead MoreCustomer Relations And Risk Management Essay789 Words   |  4 Pages All three vendors mention similar business applications as well. Cloudera: Customer relations (360 view), Business Procession Optimization, Data Hub, Reporting/Metrics, Traditional Data Warehouse Replacement, Predictive Modeling, Telemetry, and Time Series Analysis. Hortonworks: Sentiment Graphing and Social Graphs (Marketing), Click Stream Analysis (Internet Marketing), Network Security, IT Compliance (HIPAA, Sarbanes Oxley, etcetc.), Sensor Data (â€Å"Internet of Things†), Predictive AnalyticsRead MoreHyper Converged Infrastructure For Service Provider1627 Words   |  7 Pageson any x86 architecture. Stratoscale s Hyper-converged Solution is at the center of this solution integrating traditional data center silos into a single pool of IT resources with a single click. Executive summary IT executives are beginning to adopt hyper-converged systems as an efficient way to increase their business agility. Enterprises are turning to integrated or hyper-converged solutions to get control of increasing operational inefficiencies and escalating costs. Enterprise IT organizationsRead MoreWhat Are The Three Cloud Service Models?1378 Words   |  6 Pages(Grance Mell, 2011). Software as a Service (SaaS): A software vendor or a cloud service provider hosts applications over a network by which a user can get benefitted by them. The term network refers to the Internet. SaaS is a software distribution model (Grance Mell, 2011). Platform as a Service (PaaS): PaaS provides an environment and platform by which developers can easily build applications and services over the Internet (Grance Mell, 2011). Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): IaaS is a cloudRead MoreGlobalization Of SDN1215 Words   |  5 Pagesthe fact that the static architecture of traditional networks doesnt support the dynamic, scalable computing and storage needs of more modern computing environments such as data centers. This is done by decoupling or disassociating the system that makes decisions about where traffic is sent (the SDN controller, or control plane) from the underlying systems that forward traffic to the selected destination (the data plane). Software-defined networking (SDN) is an architecture purporting to be dynamicRead MoreEnterprise Architecture, Questions and Answer 1754 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor issues in the practice of Enterprise Architecture. Enterprise Architecture continues to grow and expand with the growth and widespread integration of enterprise systems. With this progress there are consistently new problems which arise regarding Enterprise Architecture and its applications. Three of the major current issues which are faced by majority of Enterprise Architects are that Architects have no control over organisational changes, Enterprise Architecture is enormously time consumingRead MoreBig Software Is Eating The Data Center Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesBig Software is Eating the Data Center The data center industry is under a major transition. Big Software, IoT (Internet of Things), and Big Data are changing how operators must architect and deploy data center technologies. Traditional scale-up models of delivering monolithic software on big machines is being replaced by scale-out solutions that are delivered on disparate cloud services running on many machines and environments. This shift has forced data center operators to turn to the next generation

Cosi Essay Dale Tilley - 1643 Words

How Successful Has Lois Nowra Been in Challenging the Significant Ideas of Love, Fidelity, Sanity and Insanity in Cosi? In the play Cosi Louis Nowra challenges the important themes of love, fidelity, sanity and insanity within a range of dramatic techniques. Cosi is set in Melbourne, during the early 1970’s. Numerous political and radical events were occurring. The Vietnam War protest was raging, the sexual revolution was rolling, and mental illness was still misunderstood and mistreated. Due to these contexts, love, fidelity, sanity and insanity are big issues that surface throughout the play. Nowra comments on society’s issues. Firstly, he uses dialogue to convey the characters various thoughts and feelings towards these issues.†¦show more content†¦Women had access to the new contraceptive pill and this made it easier for women to engage in sexual relations outside of marriage. This bought about a questioning of the need for marriage and fidelity. During the play it becomes apparent that Lucy (Louis’ girlfriend and roommate) and Nick (Louis’ best friend) are hav ing an affair. Nick and Lucy both share similar beliefs that the Vietnam War protest is more important than anything else. Nick and Lucy are the presented as representatives of the more modern attitudes towards love and fidelity. This is shown by Lucy and Nick being advocates of free love and seeing sex and love as two different things, this is evident when Nick says to Lewis â€Å"She’s sleeping with you, were having sex† (referring to the relationship between Nick and Lucy.) and â€Å"Lucy’s not possessive about you, I’m not possessive about her. What’s the fuss?† This shows how societies’ views of love and fidelity and what is acceptable are changing to a more laid back, free attitude. These quotes reflect the values and attitudes towards sex at the time, as women were now more freely engaging in sexual relations outside of marriage, and demonstrating ‘free love’. After Lewis’ learns of the affair between his be st friend and girlfriend, he comes to the realisation that â€Å"Woman’s consistency is like an Arabian Phoenix†, which in this context, means a woman’s fidelity is often talked about and

SWOT Analysis of Intercontinental Hotels Group Plc Free Essays

ABSTRACT This is an in-depth analysis on market capitalization of Intercontinental Hotels Group Plc., a global hotels company ranked at position 72 in the FTSE 100 index at the close of business on March 2nd 2012. It is a comprehensive analysis of its strengths and weaknesses in strategy and operations, threats in its business environment, current and future opportunities for growth both financially and in its market. We will write a custom essay sample on SWOT Analysis of Intercontinental Hotels Group Plc or any similar topic only for you Order Now INTRODUCTION Intercontinental Hotels Group Plc. (IHG) is a global hotels company headquartered in Denham, United Kingdom (Datamonitor 2007). It is involved in ownership, management, leasing or franchising hotels and resorts, through subsidiaries around the world with 4,480 hotels in about 100 countries and territories (Datamonitor 2007). Its brands include Crowne plaza, Holiday Inn, InterContinental and Staybridge Suites. Listed at the London Stock Exchange (LSE) with a secondary listing at the New York Stock Exchange (NSE), IHG is ranked 72nd in the FTSE 100 index with a market capitalization of ?3.4bn at the end of 2011 (FTSE index report 2012). The company operates a diverse portfolio of brands across multiple economic segments which cater for multiple price segments from the upper upscale (5-star) segment focusing on the international business traveler, to the upscale (4-star) segment catering both to the business traveler and the leisure traveler down to the midscale (3-star) targeting both domestic business and leisure travelers (Annual report 2010). It makes most of its money from royalty fees of franchises and management fees from the hotels it manages. IHG provides expertise in hotel management, systems, and marketing leaving investment in property to its partners as it is far more capital intensive. This â€Å"asset-light† operating structure enables the Group to commit less of its capital in development and maintenance its hotels. It only owns a small number of hotels it deems important strategically to its brands. A major strength for IHG is its preferred brands with its vast portfolio commanding leadership in their market segments (Annual report 2010). Quality service from these brands strengthen the market position of IHG giving it its competitive edge as it seeks to take advantage of increasing business and leisure travel globally. The group is also keen to grow new innovative brands that meet the unique experiences guests desire. It has newly launched the EVEN hotels brand, the first mainstream hotel focusing on wellness keen to take advantage of the growth in the wellness sector globally (IHG 2011). This brand fulfills a demand for healthier travel by uniquely providing solutions for all aspects of traveler’s wellness needs in the areas of exercise, food, work and rest. Additionally, its re-launch of its Holiday Inn brand focused on quality and consistency for a better customer experience shows the company’s focus to improving its brands. With these, IHG is positioning itself to benefit from enhanced customer numbers and their demand for specialty services. IHG’s diversified geographical presence reduces risks associated with operating in a particular region due to adverse geo-political, economic conditions as well as demand fluctuations. The Group is taking advantage of potential growth opportunities that other regions offer and is investing in expansion in these emerging markets such as China. Growth in these new markets counters slump in traditional markets such as the Euro zone which is experiencing economic and political challenges affecting travel. Furthermore, presence in far-flung areas of its tourist resorts and getaways also differentiates it from its competitors who mainly focus on major cities. This gives the company an additional revenue stream with more to offer to the customer in terms of diverse locations and experiences. The Group’s global systems and scale is also its strength with it commanding leadership positions in 13 of the top 20 markets around the world accounting for over 80% of global lodging spend (IHG 2011). Its hotels are strategically positioned to benefit from the market segments and nature of travel in the regions. For instance, the segment in the US with the greatest share is the midscale and IHG’s Holiday Inn brand family is the largest in this segment. The company is seeking to enhance its presence with more rooms in more locations through its pipeline with franchise agreements and signing of additional rooms (hotels) to the group’s portfolio (IHG 2011). The Group also boasts of an innovative web and mobile presence mainly focused on online reservations. Its reservation system consists of 11 global call centers and several local language websites making it the most active on the web in the industry and strategically positioning it to benefit from an increase in online reservations (Annual reports 2010). This channel delivered 19% of rooms revenue through IHG’s direct websites in 2011. Also of note is Priority Club Rewards, the group’s loyalty program with over 63 million members which creates repeat traffic and enhances its relationship with its clients (IHG 2011). The company’s balance sheet is robust with a 26% growth in operating profit from $444m in 2010 to $559m, with revenue of $1,768m in 2011 up from $1,628m the previous year (IHG 2011). These gains allow IHG to invest in accelerated growth strengthening its brands with a lowering of its debt. Raising finance is a challenge globally as it diminishes the net system for growth. As such, IHG has expectations for growth in the region of 2-3% in 2012. However, perceived as offering greater security through reservation systems, loyalty schemes and international networks, branded hotels are gaining in market share over the unbranded portion of the industry. This perception makes it easier for property owners to leverage on these brands when seeking debt financing. IHG is positioned to gain from this trend with its attractiveness boosted by its offer of great brands and effective revenue delivery through global reservations channels. Intercontinental hotels group has a weakness in its geographical concentration. The hotel and hospitality industry though fragmented is still geographically quite concentrated with the top 20 countries having over 80% of the world’s rooms and the US accounting for 25% of that (IHG 2011). Over half of IHG’s revenue comes from the Americas, accounting for 69% of the Group’s operating profit (IHG 2011). This large exposure to the US market makes IHG vulnerable in the event of a recession. However, having long-term management and franchise contracts for most of its hotels makes IHG less vulnerable than its competition. Its focus on growing its presence in emerging markets and globally also seeks to counter such vulnerability with diversification of revenue sources. CONCLUSION The strength of IHG’s brands, bolstered by their global systems and scale enables the company to perform well in the US and Greater China, key global markets. With its deliberate attempt at strengthening its business through developing its brand portfolio supported by targeted investment. IHG ensures that it benefits from opportunities available in its business environment in spite of considerable uncertainty in the Euro zone and the Americas. IHG is striving to position itself globally to benefit from opportunities in industry trends in the long term, in particular, emerging markets with growing demand and specialty. This it is enabled by its preferred brands, geographic diversity, robust balance sheet and its scalable business model. APPENDIX Revenue per available room (RevPAR) – room revenue divided by the number of room nights that are available (can be mathematically derived from occupancy rate multiplied by average room rate). Occupancy Rate – rooms occupied by hotel guests, expressed as a percentage of rooms that are available. Pipeline – signed/executed agreements, including franchises and management contracts, for hotels which will enter the InterContinental Hotels system at a future date. REFERENCES Annual report, 2010. InterContinental Hotels Group PLC . {Viewed on 5th March 2012} from http://www.annualreports.com/Company/2353 Datamonitor, 2007. Intercontinental Hotels Group Plc. {viewed on 3rd March 2012} from www.datamonitor.com FTSE Index report, 2012. FTSE All-Share Index Ranking (unofficial guide) as at close on Fri, 2 March 2012. {Viewed on 3rd March 2012} from http://www.stockchallenge.co.uk/ftse.php Intercontinental Hotels Group Plc. (IHG), 2011. Preliminary results 2011- twelve months to 31 December 2011. {Viewed on 3rd March 2012} from http://www.ihgplc.com/index. How to cite SWOT Analysis of Intercontinental Hotels Group Plc, Essay examples

A Modest Proposal Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example For Students

A Modest Proposal Rhetorical Analysis Essay Unlike most essays, Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal is written for the reader to see through what the narrator is expressing. The narrator does not want the reader to agree that the solution to overpopulation and poverty in Ireland is to eat babies, he wants the reader to see there needs to be a practical solution. By stating the advantages and objections to his proposal, using ironic words and phrases, he directs the reader not to see the apparent, but the implicit. Swifts narrative voice metaphorically compares the Irish to pigs and cows, which implies the Irish are being treated subhumanly. Although something seems one way to the narrator, Jonathan Swift wants the reader to see it in an opposite light. We will write a custom essay on A Modest Proposal Rhetorical Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Firstly, the narrative voice begins the essay by describing the deplorable conditions in which the Irish peasants are living. He demonstrates there is a serious problem with a great need for a solution. He then suggests a solution and then lists a whole list of advantages. His propsal of eating the Irish babies is followed by advantages such as by the sale of their children, the parents would be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year(14). Another advantage is, as Swift put it, the poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own(14). These quotations imply that the poorer tenants have nothing of value and that they would have to resort to selling their own flesh and blood in order to earn an income; they also do not take into consideration that the parents might want to have a family and children who will live with them past the age of one year. A decrease in the meat consumed by Ireland would lead to an advantage of the addition of some thousand carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef(14). A quotation such as this asks the residents of Ireland to eat human flesh to improve exportation. All the advantages he suggests are true: if his proposal was put into action, these would be benefits, but he is asking the poor to sell their children for consumption. The large population and poor living conditions of Irish peasants are matters which need to be taken care of. By means of downplaying his modest proposal, the narrator leads the reader to believe his proposal is rationale. He even goes as far as saying, I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be liable to the least objection(1) before he introduces the solution of eating infants. Of course there will be objections to this outrageous recommendation as it is a ridiculous notion. The suggestion of eating young children is most definitely not humble. He also proclaims, he can think of no one objection that will be raised against this proposal, unless it should be urged that the number of people will be thereby much lessened in the kingdom.(15). There are objections and they include more than just concerns about the population numbers. The Irish are being asked to consider ideas of selling their children for profit and cannibalism. If this idea is to go beyond just a proposal, the values of society should be questioned. If this is to be contemplated as a legiti mate solution, the values of society should also be examined thoroughly, I might add. Throughout the essay, ironic words and phrases are used to make the reader see that there is a discrepancy between the stated word or phrase and the implied meaning. The title of Swifts essay, A Modest Proposal implies that his suggestion will be one of insubstantial content, something simple and unassuming. As a solution to the poor standard of living of the Irish, the narrator suggests eating children of about one year old. This recommendation is ludicrous and not simple at all. The narrator is asking the Irish to revert to cannibalism, which not just eating other human beings, it includes their own children. When the narrator begins to introduce this preposterous proposal, he comments, I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be liable to the least objection. (11) He proposes the idea of eating the young and then downplays this ridiculous notion as being humble. Although the narrator is suggesting an appalling idea, he minimizes it as a humble th ought by claiming it is something simple or unpretentious and then continues to report that there will be no objections to his way of thinking. The narrator uses the term carcass more than once to describe the children being discussed. The Canadian Oxford Paperback Dictionary defines a carcass as the dead body of an animal, especially one slaughtered for its meat(138). By using the word carcass, the narrator exhibits that the Irish peasants are thought of as subhuman. Despite suggesting an outlandish notion, he is trying to make others see that there is a problem and it needs to be solved. Metaphors are used continuously throughout this essay to parallel the Irish peasants to animals. Before introducing the proposal, the narrator compares Americans to savages when he states, a very knowing American(11) told him that a child of one year makes wholesome food(11). They are treated like animals by the English and their landlords. The narrator also discusses eating the Irish infants, lik e one would a piece of animal flesh. The Irish peasants are constantly portrayed as animals. For example, Pigsare no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown, fat yearling child, (14) compares the babies directly to pigs. While introducing his proposal to the reader, he talks of how infants flesh will be in season throughout the year(11). This confirms the narrator writing about the Irish as if they are animals that will become a new excellent nutritive meat(12) one could pick up at the market. Furthermore, the narrator metaphorically compares the poor treatment of the Irish to animals when writing, the landlords have already devoured most of the parents(11) of these children. The landlord have devoured the parents in the sense of excessive taxation and collecting high rent. The parents are paralleled to animals and dehumanized by being referred to as breeders several times in the essay. Lastly, the children are depicted almost as a form of currency. The sale of the c hildren for food is to pay their parents debts. The infants emerge as a form of collateral from this proposal. By using metaphors, the treatment of the Irish peasants as less than human by the English is depicted. .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .postImageUrl , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:hover , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:visited , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:active { border:0!important; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:active , .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2956164e9157b276a9a07fade24102bd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Oedipus EssayListing advantages and claiming that there will be no objections, the narrator rationalizes his solution and consequently makes the reader believe his suggestion will be one of insignificant content. He captures the attention of the reader by using irony, which is firstly evident in the title of the essay, A Modest Proposal. His tone of voice detaches him emotionally by supporting this proposal with examples of how animals are bred, proposing that children be bred the same way. In conclusion, the narrator is deeply angry about the way in which the English treat the Irish peasants and he thinks something should be done. By stating the problems and proposing an extreme solution, he works with irony throughout the essay to allow his reader to see things on the flip-side. Swifts proposal is an antithesis to get the reader to see the contrary. Bibliography:Work CitedCarcass. The Canadian Oxford Paperback Dictionary. 2000 ed. Swift, Jonathan. A Modest Proposal. Introduction to Literature. Eds. Isobel Findlay et. al. 4th ed. Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 2001. 9-16.

Aircraft Winglets Essays

Aircraft Winglets Essays Aircraft Winglets Paper Aircraft Winglets Paper Aircraft  Winglets Many of us who fly regularly have most probably seen a so-called winglet or wingtip device at the end of the wing of an airliner at least once. It is showing up more and more often on more and more types of aircraft, thus we felt it’s time to give an overview to our readers about these sometimes funny, sometimes cool and stylish looking aircraft parts. History, Reason and Benefits The initial theoretical concept goes back to times before even the Wright Brothers first took to the skies in 1905, but it was picked up and developed by Richard T. Whitcomb of NASA after the 1973 oil crisis – in order to reduce fuel consumption. The first tests were carried out in 1979/80 in cooperation with the U. S. Air Force. At almost the same time, but independent of any U. S. military organization, a private jet producer, LearJet exhibited a prototype in 1977: the LearJet 28 that featured the first winglets on a jet and a production aircraft. Flight tests made with and without winglets showed that the winglets increased range by about 6. 5 percent and also improved directional stability for the LearJet- these two factors are the major reasons behind using this facility at any fixed wing aircraft ever since. A winglet is a (near) vertical extension of the wing tips. The upward angle of the winglet, its inward angle as well as its size and shape are critical for correct performance – this is why they can look quite different. Air rotating around the wing strikes the surface of the winglet that directs it in another direction – thus creating an extra force, basically converting otherwise wasted energy to thrust. This is a small contribution but can save a lot for an operator in an aircraft’s lifetime. Another potential benefit of winglets is that they reduce the strength of wingtip vortices, which trail behind the plane. When other aircraft pass through these vortices, the turbulent air can cause loss of control, possibly resulting in an accident. Winglet Types In general any wingtips that not end the wing simply horizontally are considered as some kind of a winglet. Even though in strictly technical terms Wingtip Fences are not real extensions of the wing, and Raked Wingtips do not have a vertical part, they are still widely considered as winglet variants. WINGTIP FENCES are a special variant of winglets, that extend both upward and downward from the tip of the wing. Preferred by European plane-maker Airbus, it is featured on their full product range (except the A330/340 family and the future A350). The Airbus A300 was actually the first jet airliner to feature this kind of solution by default, but it was a very small version of the tool. Provided that most of the Airbus planes (including all A320 family jets) feature such wingtip fences, this may be the most seen and most produced winglet type. Even the new Airbus A380 double-decker features wingtip fences. Airbus Winglets as seen from the outside Airbus Winglets as seen from onboard BLENDED WINGLETS (the real â€Å"Winglets†) are the most popular winglet type, leveraged by Airbus, Boeing, Embraer, Bombardier but also by Russian Tupolev and Iljushin. Blended winglets were first introduced on the McDonnel Douglas MD-11 aircraft in 1990 with launch customer Finnair (it also features a smaller winglet at the bottom side of the wing). In contrast to Airbus who applies the wingtip fences by default on most of their aircraft (and the winglets on the A330/340 family), lended winglets are considered by Boeing for example as an optional extra feature on their products, except for the Boeing 747-400. For some of the older Boeing jets (737 and 757) such blended winglets have been offered as an aftermarket retrofit, these are the newer, tall designs and do not connect to the tip of the wing with a sharp angle, but with a curve instead. These winglets are popular among airlines that fly these aircraft on medium/long haul routes as m ost of the real fuel savings materialize while cruising. Longer flights  mean longer cruising, thus larger fuel savings. And they also server as marketing surface for airline logos or web addresses usually. Just recently the Boeing 767-300ER has received 3. 4 m high (! ) winglets produced by Aviation Partners Inc. with American Airlines as the launch-customer with Air New Zealand and Hawaiian Airlines following with orders of 5  and 8 aircrafts respectively. 141 shipsets have been pre-sold  already as the forecasted fuel savings  range  around  4%-6% for medium/long-range flights. Airbus earlier tested similar blended winglets designed by Winglet Technology for the A320 series, but determined that their benefits did not warrant further development and they stayed with the wingtip fences instead. Aviation Partners Boeing  claims that winglets on 737s and 757s have saved a collective 1. 2 billion gal. of fuel since they were introduced and 11. 5 million tonnes of CO2 while reducing those types’ noise footprint by 6. 5%. It has sold winglets to 140 airlines and 95% of all 737NGs are fitted with them. It is working on four winglet concepts for the 777 and hopes to finalize a design for that aircraft type by December, 2008. Blended Winglets on Several Aircraft Types RAKED WINGTIPS are the most recent winglet variants (they are probably better classified as special wings, though),  where the tip of the wing has a higher degree of sweep than the rest of the wing. They are widely referred to as winglets, but they are better described as integrated wingtip extensions as they are (horizontal) additions to the existing wing, rather than the previously described (near) vertical solutions. The stated purpose of this additional feature is to improve fuel economy, climb performance and to shorten takeoff field length. It does this in much the same way  as â€Å"traditional† winglets do. In testing by Boeing and NASA, raked wingtips have been shown to reduce drag by as much as 5. 5%, as opposed to improvements of 3. 5% to 4. 5% from conventional winglets. Airliners to use raked wingtips: Boeing 747-8, Boeing 767-400ER, Boeing 777(-200LR; -300ER; and freighter versions) plus the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner and the Airbus A350. The 747-8, the 787 and the A350 will have special, new kind of wings, which do not have a separate winglet, but have raked, and blended wingtips integrated   without a sharp angle between the wing and the winglet. Raked Wingtips on the new Boeing 787 and Airbus A350 As you can see, wingtips/winglets have developed and changed very much over the last 30 years, but are becoming the standard, which is not proven better by anything else than the wing designs of future aircraft by the largest airplane-makers that feature a built-in winglet at the tip of their new, evolutionary wings. Raked wingtip Boeing 787 Dreamliner rollout showing raked wingtip Raked wingtips are a feature on some Boeing airliners, where the tip of the wing has a higher degree of sweep than the rest of the wing. The stated purpose of this additional feature is to improve fuel efficiency and climb performance, and to shorten takeoff field length. It does this in much the same way that winglets do, by increasing the e ffective aspect ratio of the wing and interrupting harmful wingtip vortices. This decreases the amount of lift-induced drag experienced by the aircraft. In testing by Boeing and NASA, raked wingtips have been shown to reduce drag by as much as 5. 5%, as opposed to improvements of 3. 5% to 4. 5% from conventional winglets. [16] While an equivalent increase in wingspan would be more effective than a winglet of the same length, the bending force becomes a greater factor. A three-foot winglet has the same bending force as a one-foot increase in span, yet gives the same performance gain as a two-foot wing span increase. [27] For this reason, the short-range Boeing 787-3 design called for winglets instead of the raked wingtips featured on all other 787 variants. Raked wingtips are installed on, or are planned to be installed on: * Boeing P-8 Poseidon * Boeing 747-8 Freighter * Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental * Boeing 767-400ER * Boeing 777-200LR * Boeing 777-300ER * Boeing 777 Freighter * Boeing 787-8 Boeing 787-9 Anyway The performance of a commercial transport airplane is typically measured in terms of mission capability and operating costs. Mission capability can be improved by reducing airplane drag during takeoff climb and cruise, and by utilizing designs that minimize structural weight. Operating costs can be reduced by reducing airplane cruise drag (hence, resulting in less fuel burn and less fuel costs) and by utilizing designs that are inexpensive to manufacture and maintain. Further, for commercial operators, higher profits can be achieved by being able to transport more customers and/or goods for a given flight. Because the additional payload increases takeoff weight, it is even more desirable to reduce takeoff drag for takeoff-climb-limited missions. nothing new here right ? The objectives of reducing drag, reducing weight, and reducing complexity (hence manufacturing and maintenance costs) are often in conflict. Adding a wingtip extension member can reduce the drag of a given airplane, but this will usually require increasing structural weight IE winglets bend the hell out of wing roots because of the increased moment arm therefore you need to beef up the wing judiciously on shitty wing designs the weight increase can washout the efficiency increase by additing a winglet in the first place.. Sooooooo Weight increases are due to the weight of the wingtip extension member and also due to strengthening required of the existing wing structure in order to support the increased bending moments exerted by the wingtip extension member. Additional weight penalties can also occur if the extension exacerbates flutter. IE if you fiddle with ANY WING design after flight test you change its natural resonance IE it becomes a new tuning fork heaven forbid it will like to resonate at cruise mach IE flutter.. 747 has a speed advantage over the A340 because of flutter the old crusty 747 hauls ass the A340 could haul ass if it didnt like to shake itself apart at VMO.. ( my personal opinion based on 2nd hand info .. This conflict between the benefits of reduced drag and the disadvantages of increased weight has motivated designers to find an optimal balance between the two when designing a wingtip extension member. One such attempt is described in U. S. Pat. No. 5,039,032, incorporated herein by reference. The 032 patent describes a number of wingspan extensions termed High Taper Wing Tip Extensions. These are also known as raked wingtips. Raked wingtips are generally characterized by leading-edge sweep angles that are g reater than the main wing sweep angles and are significantly tapered (i. . , the chord length decreases in the spanwise direction. ) Raked wingtips offer several advantages, some of which are outlined in the 032 patent. These advantages include the aerodynamic benefit of drag reduction due to increased wingspan, and a number of weight-reduction advantages (relative to simply extending the wingspan of an existing conventional main wing. ) Two weight advantages are attributed to the wingtip taper. At high-load-factor structural design conditions, the smaller chords are subjected to less load and they result in less induced loading on the outboard main wing. These are both factors that reduce the bending moment that the inboard wing must support. Two more weight advantages are attributed to leading-edge sweep. The leading-edge sweep of a raked wingtip results in the center of pressure being located further aft than for a simple extension of an existing conventional main wing. At the high load-factor structural design conditions, this relative aft-movement of the center of pressure causes the sections of the main wing adjacent to the raked wingtip to be twisted more leading-edge-down, thus reducing the loading on these sections and the bending moment that the inboard wing must support. The relative aft-movement of the center of pressure also acts to attenuate flutter. The raked wingtips described in patent 032 range from moderate span extensions (e. g. , 6% increase in span) to large span extensions (e. g. , 12% increase in span). It is the large span extensions that offer the greatest benefits. Regardless of these benefits, there are challenges in implementing raked wingtips on some aircraft. For example, on aircraft designed to operate at high subsonic Mach numbers (i. e. , at or greater than about 0. 0) there is a tendency for the boundary layer on the upper surface of each raked wingtip to separate under high-lift conditions (such as during takeoff climb or landing). This boundary-layer separation has the potential to increase drag and to generate premature buffet. The primary motivation for adding a wingspan extension is to increase the lift-to-drag ratio (primarily by decreasing drag), both during cruise and takeoff climb. If there is a significant drag incre ase due to large-scale boundary-layer separation under takeoff climb conditions, part or all of the takeoff-climb improvement is lost. When the raked wingtip boundary layer separates, there is also a possibility of unsteady aerodynamic forces strong enough to vibrate the airplane structure and to be perceived by the airplane pilot as buffet indicating the onset of aerodynamic wing stall. If this form of buffet occurs prematurely (that is, within what would normally be the operating envelope), stall speed must be declared at a speed significantly higher than the aerodynamic wing stall, thus degrading airplane performance. The 032 patent acknowledges the tendency of the boundary layers on raked wingtips to separate under high-lift conditions. In the 032 patent, raked wingtips are categorized into two groups, one group with leading-edge sweep angles between 40 and 50 degrees and another with leading-edge sweep angles between 50 and 60 degrees. For the first group, the 032 patent indicates that some form of a mechanical leading-edge high-lift device (such as a slat) is required in order to avoid premature low-speed buffet. The addition of a mechanical leading-edge high-lift device avoids premature boundary-layer separation, alleviating the buffet problem, but it adds profile drag, weight, complexity, and cost. Under some circumstances, these disadvantages may outweigh the benefits of the raked wingtip. For the second group, the 032 patent indicates that the wingtip leading-edge sweep is great enough to trigger the formation of a stable leading-edge vortex, and that therefore premature buffet will not occur and no high-lift mechanisms are required. The inventors herein have discovered that under some circumstances, leading-edge sweep angles of 50 to 60 degrees may not be adequate to ensure the formation of a stable leading-edge vortex when conventional transonic airfoils are used for the raked wingtip geometry. As used herein, transonic airfoils are those designed to operate at high subsonic freestream Mach numbers, with significant regions of locally supersonic flow. Additionally, even if the presence of a stable leading-edge vortex prevents premature buffet, such a vortex may result in higher drag than if the majority of the raked wingtip boundary layer could be kept attached over the range of typical operating conditions. Further, the technical viability of any raked wingtip would be improved greatly if there was no requirement for a leading-edge high-lift mechanism. Thus, the evolution of the improved raked wingtip, particularly for use with aircraft that operate at high subsonic Mach numbers. The ideal raked wingtip would provide the aerodynamic benefits of an increase in wing span, while avoiding premature boundary-layer separation under high-lift conditions. Further, the optimal arrangement would not add significantly to wing weight or wing complexity. Both the raked wingtip ; the blunt raked wingtip are Boeing inventions. Airbus A330/A340 uses the 747-400 winglet. The A320 family of airplanes uses the AIRBUS ( opps BAE UK developed ) delta winglet that has an opposite plan-form camber on the upper ; lower half of the winglet to gracefully control the direction of the vortices comming off the top ; bottom of the wings to kinda mesh them together non distructively a clever design by a company with a fine British aircraft heritage .. god save the queen .. All that being said winglets on business jets regardless of eficiency increases are for sex- appeal ..

Free Essays on Creating A Class

Creating a Class The short stories â€Å" Everyday Use† by Alice Walker and â€Å" The Prodigal Son† have many similarities that put them in the same class. There are three similarities that stick out the most though in my mind. The main similarity is that they both deal with jealousy. Another similarity is that they are focused on family relationships, and finally they both involve only one parent two take care of more than one child. Jealousy is a key factor in both of these short stories. In the short story â€Å"Everyday Use† the younger daughter is jealous of her older sibling because of a few reasons; the older daughter is prettier, smarter, and has lived her life more fully. However, I feel that you can also see the older daughter as being jealous of how much closer the younger daughter is with the mother and how she is more aware of the family and the families past. In â€Å"The Prodigal Son† the older son is jealous of his younger brother because he feels that the younger brother should not have received half of the father’s assets and that the father should not have taken him back and showered him with gifts when he returns. The family and their relationships with each other also play big parts in both these stories. The relationship between the mother and the daughters in â€Å"everyday use† is a loving one just as in â€Å"the prodigal son† however in both cases siblings became jealous and this affects the relationship with the adult. The siblings in both stories feel neglected and unloved. Another issue in these stories is that there is only one adult in the house to look over the children. I feel that because there was only one parent around the burden on each parent was too much. I think that the parents felt too much pressure and did not have enough support to take care of the family they just did what they could. A similarity that wasn’t as important in these stories was that the children are alwa... Free Essays on Creating A Class Free Essays on Creating A Class Creating a Class The short stories â€Å" Everyday Use† by Alice Walker and â€Å" The Prodigal Son† have many similarities that put them in the same class. There are three similarities that stick out the most though in my mind. The main similarity is that they both deal with jealousy. Another similarity is that they are focused on family relationships, and finally they both involve only one parent two take care of more than one child. Jealousy is a key factor in both of these short stories. In the short story â€Å"Everyday Use† the younger daughter is jealous of her older sibling because of a few reasons; the older daughter is prettier, smarter, and has lived her life more fully. However, I feel that you can also see the older daughter as being jealous of how much closer the younger daughter is with the mother and how she is more aware of the family and the families past. In â€Å"The Prodigal Son† the older son is jealous of his younger brother because he feels that the younger brother should not have received half of the father’s assets and that the father should not have taken him back and showered him with gifts when he returns. The family and their relationships with each other also play big parts in both these stories. The relationship between the mother and the daughters in â€Å"everyday use† is a loving one just as in â€Å"the prodigal son† however in both cases siblings became jealous and this affects the relationship with the adult. The siblings in both stories feel neglected and unloved. Another issue in these stories is that there is only one adult in the house to look over the children. I feel that because there was only one parent around the burden on each parent was too much. I think that the parents felt too much pressure and did not have enough support to take care of the family they just did what they could. A similarity that wasn’t as important in these stories was that the children are alwa...

Computing Footprints Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Computing Footprints - Essay Example One of the articles had the main punch line that three sectors of economy viz., housing, transport, and food together account for 50% of household spending on the average, and at the same time account for 70-75% of climate change and often other impacts. The rest of the paper is more on the methodology side, essentially supporting this finding. This finding is valid for different countries, different cities, and even different continents. Further, it is also valid across different methodologies and in particular across the two methodologies of LCA, viz., input and output base study, which is also called the ‘top-down’ approach and process life cycle inventory database study, termed the ‘bottom-up’ approach. While both methodologies are for life cycle assessment, the top-down study is more popular. Emphasizing the differences between top down and bottom up studies, Prof. Norris explained that the top-down approach uses input and output data based on consumption. Within the input and output data base study, we compare purchasing categories. The top-down study is based on uniform data source, uniform coverage, and approach, while the bottom-up study has to combine data from different studies and methodologies.